a tale of two cities sparknotes translation

Ace your assignments with our guide to A Tale of Two Cities! In London, Charles Darnay stands trial for treason as a spy. The men have a brief conversation, and soon Defarge leads Lorry and Lucie up a steep, dangerous rise of stairs. Travel through France proves difficult for Darnay. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Read more about what the broken wine cask foreshadows. Discount, Discount Code Book 1: Recalled to Life, Chapter 1: The Period Book 1, Chapter 2: The Mail Book 1, Chapter 3: The Night Shadows Book 1, Chapter 4: The Preparation The letter explains the cause of Manettes imprisonment. He says that, if Lucie accepts, he will reveal his true identity to Manette. Teh toehr eniaptt swa yling in a ckab rmoo ssacor a dcosne asrtescai. Social inequality and class conflict are sources of violent disruption and revolution in France. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." Manette then tells Lucie that Darnay will stand trial on the following day and assures her that her husband will fare well in it. Dont have an account? Just as the fourteenth-century peasants rallied around their shared low birth, so too do Dickenss revolutionaries fight as a unified machine of war. I aeksd, Is it a roessui esac?. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Get instant access to Mastery Quizzes for our most popular titles. Renews March 11, 2023 Read A Tale of Two Cities here, with side-by-side No Fear translations into modern English. A Tale of Two Cities opens in 1775. Author Charles Dickens. Publisher Chapman and Hall. work!. In novels like, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. on 50-99 accounts. The narrative suggests that Sydney Carton's death secures a new, peaceful life for Lucie Manette, Charles Darnay, and even Carton himself. The guillotine stands as a much-feared fixture on the streets of Paris. woH ddi hsti appenh, iusnemor? I edkas oen of the ebtsorrh. Although the novel dedicates much time to describing the atrocities committed both by the aristocracy and by the outraged peasants, it ultimately expresses the belief that this violence will give way to a new and better society. "And his wife and child," Carton replies. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Not only are the French aristocrats presented as spoiled and lazy, but they are also shown to be heartless and lacking in any regard for the lives of the lower-classes. How has this been done, monsieur? said I. Arriving later that night, Darnay curses his uncle and the French aristocracy for its abominable treatment of the people. Date of first publication Published in weekly serial form between April 20, 1859, and November 26, 1859. He leaves Jerry Cruncher to guard them. Defarge claims that Madame Defarge must accompany them, as she will familiarize herself with the faces of Lucie, her daughter, and Miss Pross, in order to better protect them in the future. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! Lorry assures Lucie that her love and devotion can recall her father to life, and indeed they do. Manifesting an attitude typical of the aristocracy in regard to the poor at that time, the Marquis shows no regret, but instead curses the peasantry and hurries home to his chateau, where he awaits the arrival of his nephew, Darnay, from England. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. These duties will enable him to ensure Darnays safety. Chapters 610, Book the Third: The Track of a Storm Chapters 1115. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Sometimes it can end up there. A Tale of Two Cities Study Guide Translation Mastery Quizzes Flashcards Summary Book the Third: The Track of a Storm Chapters 1-5 Summary: Chapter 1: In Secret Travel through France proves difficult for Darnay. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. You'll also receive an email with the link. As a novelist, Dickens was successful from the start and quickly became the most famous writer in Victorian England for his unforgettable characters, comic ingenuity, and biting social critique. . Sometimes it can end up there. Dickens makes his stance clear in his suspicious and cautionary depictions of the mobs. Trouble is a-brewin' in the French countryside. Lorry and Lucie arrive in Paris to find Manette compulsively making shoes in a dark cornerprison has left him insane. on 50-99 accounts. Refine any search. . for a customized plan. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Want 100 or more? 20% But these ideals of the 18th-century Enlightenment period were soon compromised when the French Revolution devolved into the "Terror"a violent period of beheadings by the very citizens who overthrew the tyrannous French monarchy. In France . The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Wed love to have you back! . The year is 1775, and life in England and France seems paradoxically the best and the worst that it can be. for a group? The dancers depart, and the distressed Lucie now sees her father standing before her. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. 20% . Notably, the chilling opening of the novel, in which the mail coach weaves its way through the darkness and fog, sets a tone of ominous mystery for the story; conversely, the sweet sunrise that opens Book the Second, Chapter 18, lends Lucies wedding day an air of promise and happiness. Show more Video SparkNotes: Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities summary VideoSparkNotes 1.1M views 10 years ago 50 A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Course Hero A Tale of Two. In 1775, as in the 1850s, England and France can only be described in "the superlative degree of comparison," such as "b. nThe teh rodle oehbrrt disa: I was startled, and asked, Is it a pressing case?, I was dserrsuip. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! With A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens asserts his belief in the possibility of resurrection and transformation, both on a personal level and on a societal level. Dickens examines this second theme, again, on both a national and personal level. Discount, Discount Code Dickens deeply sympathizes with the plight of the French peasantry and emphasizes their need for liberation. I have to kneel to my honoured father, and implore his pardon for having never for his sake striven all day and lain awake and wept all night . Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! $24.99 on 50-99 accounts. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? ehT ybo dah deolok at teh rhbtreo wysllo as he pesok. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. ehT nuodw asw ernud ish nadh. Book 1: Recalled to Life, Chapter 1: The Period Book 1, Chapter 2: The Mail Book 1, Chapter 3: The Night Shadows Book 1, Chapter 4: The Preparation Justice is represented literally by the series of trials and imprisonments interwoven through the plot, including Doctor Manettes lengthy imprisonment, Darneys trial in London, and then his additional imprisonment and trial in France. Dickens here betrays his conflicted ideas regarding the revolution. Subscribe now. Subscribe now. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. The wine was red wine, and had stained the ground of the narrow street. Subscribe now. Hay and straw were stored in that portion of the place, fagots for firing, and a heap of apples in sand. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. (one code per order). Darnay remains in prison for a year and three months before receiving a trial. Manette tells him that he has persuaded the Tribunal, a self-appointed body that tries and sentences the revolutions prisoners, to keep Darnay alive. Renews March 10, 2023 (one code per order). The year is 1780. Book 3, Chapter 10: The Substance of the Shadow Page 4. Book 1, Chapter 1. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. A mheaonsd aantsep yob saw nigly on shi akcb on seom ayh on hte ugnodr, ithw a uihcons nurde ihs heda. Upon arriving at the lodging, Defarge gives Lucie a note from the imprisoned Darnay. The peasants adopted the name as a war name. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. his body burned alive(Book the First, Chapter 1). Wed love to have you back! He was then dying fast. A Tale of Two Cities is a novel by Charles Dickens that was first published in 1859. Turning to Madame Defarge, Lucie begs her to show Darnay some mercy, but Madame Defarge coldly responds that the revolution will not stop for the sake of Lucie or her family. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Fearing that Lucie and Manettes presence might compromise the banks business, Lorry ushers Lucie, her daughter, and Miss Pross to a nearby lodging. You can view our. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. . Book the First: Recalled to Life Chapters 1-4, Book the First: Recalled to Life Chapters 5-6, Book the Second: The Golden Thread Chapters 1-4, Book the Second: The Golden Thread Chapters 5-6, Book the Second: The Golden Thread Chapters 7-9, Book the Second: The Golden Thread Chapters 10-13, Book the Second: The Golden Thread Chapters 14-17, Book the Second: The Golden Thread Chapters 18-21, Book the Second: The Golden Thread Chapters 22-24, Book the Third: The Track of a Storm Chapters 1-5, Book the Third: The Track of a Storm Chapters 6-10, Book the Third: The Track of a Storm Chapters 11-15, Charles Dickens and A Tale of Two Cities Background. Wed love to have you back! The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. You'll also receive an email with the link. Forced my brother to draw upon him, and has fallen by my brothers swordlike a gentleman., Hes a rczay yogun tpsnaea! $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% . Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. March 3, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 The scenes in which the people sharpen their weapons at the grindstone and dance the grisly Carmagnole come across as deeply macabre. You'll also receive an email with the link. Carton, meanwhile, also pledges his love to Lucie, admitting that, though his life is worthless, she has helped him dream of a better, more valuable existence. He's on a very unsettling mission. Why is Charles Darnay acquitted at his English trial? Contact us (one code per order). The year is now 1780. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. The reader feels this continuity as the crowd gathers around the grindstone to sharpen their weapons. Carton despises and resents Darnay because he reminds him of all that he himself has given up and might have been. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Let me examine it., I am a ctrodo, my ropo lwleof, I said. The nobles contemptuously referred to the peasants by the extremely common name of Jacques in order to accentuate their inferiority and deny their individuality. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. A Tale of Two Cities Summary It is 1775, and Mr. Jarvis Lorry is traveling to Dover to meet Lucie Manette. Sometimes it can end up there. Stating that he makes a show of Doctor Manette to a chosen few to whom the sight is likely to do good, Defarge opens the door to reveal a white-haired man busily making shoes. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. | He and Manette look out into the courtyard, where throngs of people sharpen their weapons on a grindstone. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. A wine cask falls to the pavement in the street and everyone rushes to it. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Dont have an account? Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! He cfedor my htorebr to arwd shi swrdo on mih, nad he ash enbe noduwde by my rbtohres wdosrikel a tamgeenln.. Free trial is available to new customers only. Apparently, the folks out there don't like to be starved and taxed to death. At Darnays trial, Defarge produces a letter that he discovered in Manettes old jail cell in the Bastille. Chapters 610. The year is now 1789. Early on in the novel, Lorry holds an imaginary conversation with him in which he says that Manette has been recalled to life. As this statement implies, the doctors eighteen-year imprisonment has constituted a death of sorts. Struggling with distance learning? $24.99 SparkNotes PLUS Sydney Carton meets his death at the guillotine, and the narrator confidently asserts that Carton dies with the knowledge that he has finally imbued his life with meaning. ai thinker esp32 cam datasheet Read more about how Dickens initially creates stark contrasts between characters but later reveals unexpected similarities. As Young Jerry watches with horror, Cruncher and his companions dig up a coffin and begin to pry it open. I had to pass through that part, to get at the other. Contact us Please wait while we process your payment. Who'd have guessed it, eh? The several chapters that deal with the Marquis Evrmonde successfully paint a picture of a vicious aristocracy that shamelessly exploits and oppresses the nations poor. For generations, aristocrats like Monseigneur have thought of nothing else except their own pleasure and luxury. By delivering himself to the guillotine, Carton ascends to the plane of heroism, becoming a Christ-like figure whose death serves to save the lives of others. But Darnay has indeed been sentenced to total isolation, and he soon finds himself in a cell measuring five paces by four and a half., Read a translation of Chapter 1: In Secret, Lucie and Doctor Manette storm into the Paris branch of Tellsons Bank to find Mr. Lorry. Free trial is available to new customers only. A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens, scene summary, scene summaries, chapter summary, chapter summaries, short summary, criticism, literary criticism, review, scene . By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. | TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Read a translation of Chapter 5: The Wine-shop. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Upon hearing this story, the jury condemns Darnay for the crimes of his ancestors and sentences him to die within twenty-four hours. Purchasing Read More. Crime and capital punishment plague the streets of London. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. You can view our. | This novel is one of the most famous English-language works. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. The message instructs Lorry to wait at Dover for a young woman, and Lorry responds with the cryptic words, "Recalled to Life." At Dover, Lorry is met by Lucie Manette, a young orphan whose father, a once-eminent doctor whom she supposed dead, has been discovered in France. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! He tells her that she is not an orphan as she had been told from a young age. Despite the threat of great danger to his person, Darnay departs immediately for France. Dickens also makes great use of anaphora, a rhetorical device wherein a word or phrase appears repeated in successive clauses or sentences. He also enjoyed huge popularity in America where he made several reading tours. | Carton arrives in Paris with a plan to rescue Darnay and obtains the help of John Barsad, who turns out to be Solomon Pross, the long-lost brother of Miss Pross, Lucies loyal servant. Likewise, Madame Defarge has been plotting revenge against the Evremonde family for decades because their wealth and status allowed them to commit terrible crimes against her family and evade legal repercussions. I could not see where his wound was, as I kneeled on one knee over him; but, I could see that he was dying of a wound from a sharp point. Renews March 10, 2023 A wood-sawyer who works nearby talks with Lucie while she waits, pretending that his saw is a guillotine (it bears the inscription Little Sainte Guillotine) and that each piece of wood that he cuts is the head of a prisoner. There was a low plastered ceiling to a part of it; the rest was open, to the ridge of the tiled roof, and there were beams across. I see a beautiful city and a brilliant people rising from this abyss, and, in their struggles to be truly free, in their triumphs and defeats, through long years to come, I see the evil of this time and of the previous time of which this is the natural birth, gradually making . $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Moreover, Madame Defarge gives her husband a similar lesson when she chastises him for his devotion to Manettean emotion that, in her opinion, only clouds his obligation to the revolutionary cause. Book 3, Chapter 10: The Substance of the Shadow, Book the Third: The Track of a Storm Chapters 1-5. for a group? My ormemy is prhsa, and I hlcealgen it tiwh sehte ltadsie. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Contact us Sometimes it can end up there. Purchasing Dont have an account? to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. (one code per order). The British colonies in America have just presented a list of grievances to the King of England. His meditation on hunger, which he cites as a defining impetus behind the peasants imminent uprising, serves as a perfect example of how the author uses repetition to emphasize his point: Hunger was pushed out of the tall houses . Renews March 10, 2023 Read A Tale of Two Cities here, with side-by-side No Fear translations into modern English. The message instructs Lorry to wait at Dover for a young woman, and Lorry responds with the cryptic words, Recalled to Life. At Dover, Lorry is met by Lucie Manette, a young orphan whose father, a once-eminent doctor whom she supposed dead, has been discovered in France. The ominous scrawling of the word blood on the wall similarly prefigures the violence. Continue to start your free trial. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! A Tale of Two Cities Summary and Analysis Book 3: Chapter 4 Summary After four days, Doctor Alexandre Manette finally returns from the prison. . Madame Defarge's knitting thus becomes a symbol of her victims' fatedeath at the hands of a wrathful peasantry. Which of the following does not characterize this period? Although Carton spends most of the novel in a life of indolence and apathy, the supreme selflessness of his final act speaks to a human capacity for change. Jerry, meanwhile, also thinks he recognizes this man, but can't quite remember his name. Genre Historical fiction. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Many people feared the oppressed working class would start an English Revolution, but a series of political compromises and wake-up calls like Dickens's, Sir Walter Scott pioneered the genre of historical fiction. March 3, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Barsad hopes to turn up evidence concerning the mounting revolution, which is still in its covert stages. $24.99 Book 1, Chapter 2. Book the First: Recalled to Life Chapters 14, Book the First: Recalled to Life Narrator The narrator is anonymous and can be thought of as Dickens himself. They inform him that Darnay sits imprisoned in La Force. eTreh wsa no tnhi of tyip, roosrw, or haimuytn in ihs rewsna. A Tale of Two Cities is a novel by Charles Dickens that was first published in 1859. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% | Key Facts about A Tale of Two Cities Full Title: A Tale of Two Cities When Written: 1859 Where Written: Rochester and London When Published: 1859 Literary Period: Victorian era Genre: Historical novel Setting: London and Paris Climax: Sydney Carton's rescue of Charles Darnay from prison Antagonist: French revolutionaries; Madame Defarge You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Charles Evrmonde). I lcemda mih nad he tle me meov ish hnda aayw. Please wait while we process your payment. You'll also receive an email with the link. creating and saving your own notes as you read. As Darnay, Lucie, their child, and Dr. Manette speed away from Paris, Madame Defarge arrives at Lucies apartment, hoping to arrest her. LitCharts Teacher Editions. For two hours every day, Lucie stands in the area visible from this window. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. The key places in the novel are two cities - London and Paris. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Chapters 610. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% on 50-99 accounts. It was under his hand, and I soothed him to let me move his hand away. The way the content is organized, A concise biography of Charles Dickens plus historical and literary context for, In-depth summary and analysis of every chapter of, Explanations, analysis, and visualizations of, Born to a naval clerk, Dickens moved with his family to London at age 10. Also, when Darnay is arrested for the second time, in Book the Third, Chapter 7, the guard who seizes him reminds Manette of the primacy of state interests over personal loyalties. Many Victorian novels were first published in serial parts and then later collected into books. Back in London, Darnay, on the morning of his wedding, keeps his promise to Manette; he reveals his true identity and, that night, Manette relapses into his old prison habit of making shoes. Renews March 10, 2023 Lte me eamnxie it., I do not want it examined, he answered; let it be., I dont twna yuo to neeaxmi it, he ndsrwaee. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Fearing for Manettes health, Lorry protests, but Lucie insists that travel guarantees more safety than a continued stay in Paris. 20% Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. . Carton believes that his act of sacrifice will redeem everything that has come before, and make his life meaningful. In it, Dickens prepares the sweeping historical backdrop against which the tale of Lucie and Doctor Manette plays out. with such humane achievements as sentencing a youth to have . While he acknowledges, throughout the novel, the horrible conditions that led the peasantry to violence, he never condones the peasants actions. Monsieur Defarge, however, hesitates, and suggests that poor Dr. Manette has suffered enough. A Tale of Two Cities Chapter 4 Summary and Analysis Book 1: Chapter 4 Summary Mr. Lorry arrives at the Royal George Hotel in Dover in the late morning. Contact us March 3, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 You'll be billed after your free trial ends. A Tale of Two Cities Summary It's 1775. Free trial is available to new customers only. Continue to start your free trial. However, the guard responds that, as an emigrant, Darnaywhom he refers to as Evrmondehas no rights. On some hay on the ground, with a cushion thrown under his head, lay a handsome peasant boya boy of not more than seventeen at the most. While the family waits for Darnays trial, Manette tells Lucie of a window in the prison from which Darnay might see her in the street. He renounces his identity as an Evrmonde and announces his intention to return to England. Upon his arrival in Paris, the revolutionaries confine him to a prison called La Force. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. They asked him to tend to a woman, whom one of the brothers had raped, and her brother, whom the same brother had stabbed fatally. Fearing that Manette might report their misdeeds, the Evrmondes had him arrested. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. . Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens, Richard Maxwell (Editor) 3.86 905,532 ratings21,347 reviews A Tale of Two Cities is Charles Dickens's great historical novel, set against the violent upheaval of the French Revolution. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Discount, Discount Code on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% . Why does Charles Darnay return to France after his marriage? for a group? Noticing her radiant golden hair, Manette opens a knot of rag that he wears around his neck, in which he keeps a strand of similarly golden curls. One day, a throng of people comes down the street, dancing a horrible and violent dance known as the Carmagnole. Why is Charles Darnay acquitted at his English trial? Summary. weep for it, weep for it! Indeed, as a realistically imagined woman grieving over a family tragedy, Lucie proves unconvincing. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Read about the related theme of hatred as a cyclical phenomenon in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice. For example, at the storming of the Bastille in Book the Second, Chapter 21, Defarge cries out, Work, comrades all, work! Read a translation of Chapter 4: Calm in Storm. SparkNotes PLUS Read a translation of Chapter 5: The Wood-sawyer. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. The revolutionaries behead the king and queen, and the guillotine becomes a fixture in the Paris streets. When Madame Defarge passes by like a shadow over the white road, the reader again senses the threat she poses to Lucies happiness. A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens Study Guide No Fear Mastery Quizzes Flashcards Literary Devices Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is used in the novel to create a sense of significance and inevitability. As he reflects to himself, It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done before. Love and hate, loyalty and betrayal are intertwined here. Book the First: Recalled to Life Chapters 14, Book the First: Recalled to Life When the seamstress asks Carton if he is dying for the sake of Darnay, Carton agrees, and adds And his wife and child. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Book 1: Recalled to Life, Chapter 1: The Period, Book 2: The Golden Thread, Chapter 1: Five Years Later, Book 2, Chapter 8: Monseigneur in the Country, Book 2, Chapter 12: The Fellow of Delicacy, Book 2, Chapter 13: The Fellow of No Delicacy, Book 2, Chapter 24: Drawn to the Loadstone Rock, Book 3: The Track of a Storm, Chapter 1: In Secret, Book 3, Chapter 10: The Substance of the Shadow, Book 3, Chapter 15: The Footsteps Die Out For Ever. March 4, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% SparkNotes PLUS ehTer swa a lwo ptrdseale iinclge vero prat of it, dna teh trse of it was pneo to eht edeg of het eidlt orof.